Glossary Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a complication after a stem cell or bone marrow transplant where the newly transplanted cells attack the recipient’s tissues, leading to inflammation and organ damage. Adjuvant is a substance which enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen. Albumin is any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. It is found in egg whites, blood, lymph, and other tissues and fluids. In the human body, serum albumin is the major plasma protein (approximately 60% of the total). Alpha 1 Antitrypsin deficiency is an inherited disorder that may cause lung disease and liver disease. Angiotensin is a hormone that tightens blood vessels, helping regulate blood pressure by controlling how much blood flows through them. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)‑associated vasculitis is an autoimmune condition where the body produces antibodies that attack small blood vessels, causing inflammation and damage to organs like the kidneys, lungs, and skin. Bronchiectasis a lung condition where the airways become widened and damaged, often causing frequent lung infections and difficulty breathing. Cell-based (technology) for the manufacture of influenza vaccines, is a process of growing viruses in animal cells. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) a progressive condition where the kidneys lose function over time, leading to complications like high blood pressure and anaemia. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a neurological disorder which causes gradual weakness and a loss in sensation mainly in the arms and legs. Coagulation is the process of clot formation. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Endothelin is a protein in the body that affects blood vessel narrowing and widening, which in turn impacts blood pressure and blood flow. Greenhouse gas (GHG) are gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature on Earth. What distinguishes them from other gases is that they absorb the wavelengths of radiation that a planet emits, resulting in the greenhouse effect. Haemophilia is a haemorrhagic cluster of diseases occurring in two main forms: – Haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII. – Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also X linked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Haemodialysis is a medical treatment for kidney failure where a machine filters waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys can no longer perform this function adequately. Haemostasis is the body’s process of stopping bleeding after an injury; it involves blood vessel constriction, platelet activation, and blood clot formation. Haematocrit the percentage of red blood cells in a person’s blood. Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare but serious genetic disorder caused by low levels or improper function of a protein called C1-esterase inhibitor. It causes swelling, particularly of the face and airways, and abdominal cramping. Hyperkalemia a medical condition characterised by elevated levels of potassium in the blood, potentially leading to abnormal heart rhythms and other health complications. Immunoglubulins (Ig), also known as antibodies, are proteins produced by plasma cells. They are designed to control the body’s immune response by binding to substances in the body that are recognised as foreign antigens (often proteins on the surface of bacteria or viruses). Immunoglobulin A nephropathy a kidney disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks the kidneys, leading to inflammation and kidney damage. Influenza, commonly known as flu, is an infectious disease of birds and mammals caused by an RNA virus of the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenza viruses). Interleukin a group of cytokines produced by leucocytes (white blood cells) and other body cells for regulating immune responses. Intermediate-Risk (sub-massive) pulmonary embolism refers to a condition where a blood clot partially blocks one or more arteries in the lungs, causing symptoms that are more severe than those of a small clot but less severe than those of a massive clot, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and an increased risk of complications such as heart strain. Intravenous is the administration of drugs or fluids directly into a vein. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) is an antibody produced by a single clone of cells. Monoclonal antibodies are a cornerstone of immunology and are increasingly coming into use as therapeutic agents. 159
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